411 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
411 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
# Macros
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Macros allow you to send multiple keystrokes when pressing just one key. QMK has a number of ways to define and use macros. These can do anything you want: type common phrases for you, copypasta, repetitive game movements, or even help you code.
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!> **Security Note**: While it is possible to use macros to send passwords, credit card numbers, and other sensitive information it is a supremely bad idea to do so. Anyone who gets a hold of your keyboard will be able to access that information by opening a text editor.
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## Using Macros In JSON Keymaps
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You can define up to 32 macros in a `keymap.json` file, as used by [Configurator](newbs_building_firmware_configurator.md), and `qmk compile`. You can define these macros in a list under the `macros` keyword, like this:
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```json
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{
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"keyboard": "handwired/my_macropad",
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"keymap": "my_keymap",
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"macros": [
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[
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{"action":"down", "keycodes": ["LSFT"]},
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"hello world1",
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{"action": "up","keycodes": ["LSFT"]}
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],
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[
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{"action":"tap", "keycodes": ["LCTL", "LALT", "DEL"]}
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],
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[
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"ding!",
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{"action":"beep"}
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],
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[
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{"action":"tap", "keycodes": ["F1"]},
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{"action":"delay", "duration": "1000"},
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{"action":"tap", "keycodes": ["PGDN"]}
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]
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],
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"layout": "LAYOUT_all",
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"layers": [
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["MACRO_0", "MACRO_1", "MACRO_2", "MACRO_3"]
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]
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}
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```
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### Selecting Your Host Keyboard Layout
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If you type in a language other than English, or use a non-QWERTY layout like Colemak, Dvorak, or Workman, you may have set your computer's input language to match this layout. This presents a challenge when creating macros - you may need to type different keys to get the same letters! To address this you can add the `host_language` key to your `keymap.json`, like so:
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```json
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{
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"keyboard": "handwired/my_macropad",
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"keymap": "my_keymap",
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"host_language": "dvorak",
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"macros": [
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["Hello, World!"]
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],
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"layout": "LAYOUT_all",
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"layers": [
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["MACRO_0"]
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]
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}
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```
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The current list of available languages is:
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| belgian | bepo | br_abnt2 | canadian_multilingual |
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|:-------:|:----:|:--------:|:---------------------:|
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| **colemak** | **croatian** | **czech** | **danish** |
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| **dvorak_fr** | **dvorak** | **dvp** | **estonian** |
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| **finnish** | **fr_ch** | **french_afnor** | **french** |
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| **french_osx** | **german_ch** | **german** | **german_osx** |
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| **hungarian** | **icelandic** | **italian** | **italian_osx_ansi** |
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| **italian_osx_iso** | **jis** | **latvian** | **lithuanian_azerty** |
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| **lithuanian_qwerty** | **norman** | **norwegian** | **portuguese** |
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| **portuguese_osx_iso** | **romanian** | **serbian_latin** | **slovak** |
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| **slovenian** | **spanish_dvorak** | **spanish** | **swedish** |
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| **turkish_f** | **turkish_q** | **uk** | **us_international** |
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| **workman** | **workman_zxcvm** |
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### Macro Basics
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Each macro is an array consisting of strings and objects (dictionaries). Strings are typed to your computer while objects allow you to control how your macro is typed out.
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#### Object Format
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All objects have one required key: `action`. This tells QMK what the object does. There are currently 5 actions: beep, delay, down, tap, up
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Only basic keycodes (prefixed by `KC_`) are supported. Do not include the `KC_` prefix when listing keycodes.
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* `beep`
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* Play a bell if the keyboard has [audio enabled](feature_audio.md).
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* Example: `{"action": "beep"}`
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* `delay`
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* Pause macro playback. Duration is specified in milliseconds (ms).
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* Example: `{"action": "delay", "duration": 500}`
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* `down`
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* Send a key down event for one or more keycodes.
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* Example, single key: `{"action":"down", "keycodes": ["LSFT"]}`
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* Example, multiple keys: `{"action":"down", "keycodes": ["CTRL", "LSFT"]}`
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* `tap`
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* Type a chord, which sends a down event for each key followed by an up event for each key.
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* Example, single key: `{"action":"tap", "keycodes": ["F13"]}`
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* Example, multiple keys: `{"action":"tap", "keycodes": ["CTRL", "LALT", "DEL"]}`
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* `up`
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* Send a key up event for one or more keycodes.
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* Example, single key: `{"action":"up", "keycodes": ["LSFT"]}`
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* Example, multiple keys: `{"action":"up", "keycodes": ["CTRL", "LSFT"]}`
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## Using Macros in C Keymaps
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### `SEND_STRING()` & `process_record_user`
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See also: [Send String](feature_send_string.md)
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Sometimes you want a key to type out words or phrases. For the most common situations, we've provided `SEND_STRING()`, which will type out a string (i.e. a sequence of characters) for you. All ASCII characters that are easily translatable to a keycode are supported (e.g. `qmk 123\n\t`).
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Here is an example `keymap.c` for a two-key keyboard:
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```c
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enum custom_keycodes {
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QMKBEST = SAFE_RANGE,
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};
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bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record) {
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switch (keycode) {
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case QMKBEST:
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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// when keycode QMKBEST is pressed
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SEND_STRING("QMK is the best thing ever!");
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} else {
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// when keycode QMKBEST is released
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}
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break;
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}
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return true;
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};
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const uint16_t PROGMEM keymaps[][MATRIX_ROWS][MATRIX_COLS] = {
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[0] = {
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{QMKBEST, KC_ESC},
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// ...
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},
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};
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```
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What happens here is this:
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We first define a new custom keycode in the range not occupied by any other keycodes.
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Then we use the `process_record_user` function, which is called whenever a key is pressed or released, to check if our custom keycode has been activated.
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If yes, we send the string `"QMK is the best thing ever!"` to the computer via the `SEND_STRING` macro (this is a C preprocessor macro, not to be confused with QMK macros).
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We return `true` to indicate to the caller that the key press we just processed should continue to be processed as normal (as we didn't replace or alter the functionality).
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Finally, we define the keymap so that the first button activates our macro and the second button is just an escape button.
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?>It is recommended to use the SAFE_RANGE macro as per [Customizing Functionality](custom_quantum_functions.md).
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You might want to add more than one macro.
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You can do that by adding another keycode and adding another case to the switch statement, like so:
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```c
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enum custom_keycodes {
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QMKBEST = SAFE_RANGE,
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QMKURL,
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MY_OTHER_MACRO,
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};
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bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record) {
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switch (keycode) {
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case QMKBEST:
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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// when keycode QMKBEST is pressed
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SEND_STRING("QMK is the best thing ever!");
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} else {
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// when keycode QMKBEST is released
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}
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break;
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case QMKURL:
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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// when keycode QMKURL is pressed
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SEND_STRING("https://qmk.fm/\n");
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} else {
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// when keycode QMKURL is released
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}
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break;
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case MY_OTHER_MACRO:
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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SEND_STRING(SS_LCTL("ac")); // selects all and copies
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}
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break;
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}
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return true;
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};
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const uint16_t PROGMEM keymaps[][MATRIX_ROWS][MATRIX_COLS] = {
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[0] = {
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{MY_CUSTOM_MACRO, MY_OTHER_MACRO},
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// ...
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},
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};
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```
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?> An enumerated list of custom keycodes (`enum custom_keycodes`) must be declared before `keymaps[]` array, `process_record_user()` and any other function that use the list for the compiler to recognise it.
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#### Advanced Macros
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In addition to the `process_record_user()` function, is the `post_process_record_user()` function. This runs after `process_record` and can be used to do things after a keystroke has been sent. This is useful if you want to have a key pressed before and released after a normal key, for instance.
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In this example, we modify most normal keypresses so that `F22` is pressed before the keystroke is normally sent, and release it __only after__ it's been released.
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```c
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static uint8_t f22_tracker;
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bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record) {
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switch (keycode) {
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case KC_A ... KC_F21: //notice how it skips over F22
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case KC_F23 ... KC_EXSEL: //exsel is the last one before the modifier keys
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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register_code(KC_F22); //this means to send F22 down
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f22_tracker++;
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register_code(keycode);
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return false;
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}
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break;
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}
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return true;
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}
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void post_process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record) {
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switch (keycode) {
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case KC_A ... KC_F21: //notice how it skips over F22
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case KC_F23 ... KC_EXSL: //exsel is the last one before the modifier keys
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if (!record->event.pressed) {
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f22_tracker--;
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if (!f22_tracker) {
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unregister_code(KC_F22); //this means to send F22 up
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}
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}
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break;
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}
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}
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```
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#### TAP, DOWN and UP
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You may want to use keys in your macros that you can't write down, such as `Ctrl` or `Home`.
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You can send arbitrary keycodes by wrapping them in:
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* `SS_TAP()` presses and releases a key.
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* `SS_DOWN()` presses (but does not release) a key.
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* `SS_UP()` releases a key.
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For example:
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SEND_STRING(SS_TAP(X_HOME));
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Would tap `KC_HOME` - note how the prefix is now `X_`, and not `KC_`. You can also combine this with other strings, like this:
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SEND_STRING("VE"SS_TAP(X_HOME)"LO");
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Which would send "VE" followed by a `KC_HOME` tap, and "LO" (spelling "LOVE" if on a newline).
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Delays can be also added to the string:
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* `SS_DELAY(msecs)` will delay for the specified number of milliseconds.
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For example:
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SEND_STRING("VE" SS_DELAY(1000) SS_TAP(X_HOME) "LO");
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Which would send "VE" followed by a 1-second delay, then a `KC_HOME` tap, and "LO" (spelling "LOVE" if on a newline, but delayed in the middle).
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There's also a couple of mod shortcuts you can use:
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* `SS_LCTL(string)`
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* `SS_LSFT(string)`
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* `SS_LALT(string)` or `SS_LOPT(string)`
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* `SS_LGUI(string)`, `SS_LCMD(string)` or `SS_LWIN(string)`
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* `SS_RCTL(string)`
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* `SS_RSFT(string)`
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* `SS_RALT(string)`, `SS_ROPT(string)` or `SS_ALGR(string)`
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* `SS_RGUI(string)`, `SS_RCMD(string)` or `SS_RWIN(string)`
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These press the respective modifier, send the supplied string and then release the modifier.
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They can be used like this:
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SEND_STRING(SS_LCTL("a"));
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Which would send Left Control+`a` (Left Control down, `a`, Left Control up) - notice that they take strings (eg `"k"`), and not the `X_K` keycodes.
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#### Alternative Keymaps
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By default, it assumes a US keymap with a QWERTY layout; if you want to change that (e.g. if your OS uses software Colemak), include this somewhere in your keymap:
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```c
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#include "sendstring_colemak.h"
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```
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#### Strings in Memory
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If for some reason you're manipulating strings and need to print out something you just generated (instead of being a literal, constant string), you can use `send_string()`, like this:
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```c
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char my_str[4] = "ok.";
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send_string(my_str);
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```
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The shortcuts defined above won't work with `send_string()`, but you can separate things out to different lines if needed:
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```c
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char my_str[4] = "ok.";
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SEND_STRING("I said: ");
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send_string(my_str);
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SEND_STRING(".."SS_TAP(X_END));
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```
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### Advanced Macro Functions
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There are some functions you may find useful in macro-writing. Keep in mind that while you can write some fairly advanced code within a macro, if your functionality gets too complex you may want to define a custom keycode instead. Macros are meant to be simple.
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?> You can also use the functions described in [Useful function](ref_functions.md) and [Checking modifier state](feature_advanced_keycodes#checking-modifier-state) for additional functionality. For example, `reset_keyboard()` allows you to reset the keyboard as part of a macro and `get_mods() & MOD_MASK_SHIFT` lets you check for the existence of active shift modifiers.
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#### `record->event.pressed`
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This is a boolean value that can be tested to see if the switch is being pressed or released. An example of this is
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```c
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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// on keydown
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} else {
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// on keyup
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}
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```
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#### `register_code(<kc>);`
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This sends the `<kc>` keydown event to the computer. Some examples would be `KC_ESC`, `KC_C`, `KC_4`, and even modifiers such as `KC_LSFT` and `KC_LGUI`.
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#### `unregister_code(<kc>);`
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Parallel to `register_code` function, this sends the `<kc>` keyup event to the computer. If you don't use this, the key will be held down until it's sent.
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#### `tap_code(<kc>);`
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Sends `register_code(<kc>)` and then `unregister_code(<kc>)`. This is useful if you want to send both the press and release events ("tap" the key, rather than hold it).
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If `TAP_CODE_DELAY` is defined (default 0), this function waits that many milliseconds before calling `unregister_code(<kc>)`. This can be useful when you are having issues with taps (un)registering.
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If the keycode is `KC_CAPS`, it waits `TAP_HOLD_CAPS_DELAY` milliseconds instead (default 80), as macOS prevents accidental Caps Lock activation by waiting for the key to be held for a certain amount of time.
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#### `tap_code_delay(<kc>, <delay>);`
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Like `tap_code(<kc>)`, but with a `delay` parameter for specifying arbitrary intervals before sending the unregister event.
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#### `register_code16(<kc>);`, `unregister_code16(<kc>);`, `tap_code16(<kc>);` and `tap_code16_delay(<kc>, <delay>);`
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These functions work similar to their regular counterparts, but allow you to use modded keycodes (with Shift, Alt, Control, and/or GUI applied to them).
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Eg, you could use `register_code16(S(KC_5));` instead of registering the mod, then registering the keycode.
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#### `clear_keyboard();`
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This will clear all mods and keys currently pressed.
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#### `clear_mods();`
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This will clear all mods currently pressed.
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#### `clear_keyboard_but_mods();`
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This will clear all keys besides the mods currently pressed.
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### Advanced Example:
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#### Super ALT↯TAB
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This macro will register `KC_LALT` and tap `KC_TAB`, then wait for 1000ms. If the key is tapped again, it will send another `KC_TAB`; if there is no tap, `KC_LALT` will be unregistered, thus allowing you to cycle through windows.
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```c
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bool is_alt_tab_active = false; // ADD this near the begining of keymap.c
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uint16_t alt_tab_timer = 0; // we will be using them soon.
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enum custom_keycodes { // Make sure have the awesome keycode ready
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ALT_TAB = SAFE_RANGE,
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};
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bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record) {
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switch (keycode) { // This will do most of the grunt work with the keycodes.
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case ALT_TAB:
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if (record->event.pressed) {
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if (!is_alt_tab_active) {
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is_alt_tab_active = true;
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register_code(KC_LALT);
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}
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alt_tab_timer = timer_read();
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register_code(KC_TAB);
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} else {
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unregister_code(KC_TAB);
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}
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break;
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}
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return true;
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}
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void matrix_scan_user(void) { // The very important timer.
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if (is_alt_tab_active) {
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if (timer_elapsed(alt_tab_timer) > 1000) {
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unregister_code(KC_LALT);
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is_alt_tab_active = false;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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